Medications
Abdominal pain can be a possible side effect of some medications. This is because drugs can slow the emptying process of the stomach or can be caustic. For instance, oral bisphosphonates, which are often used to prevent osteoporosis and retain bone density, could cause pain and swelling in the lower esophagus. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs like aspirin or ibuprofen might cause the stomach lining to swell and result in ulcers over time. You should also be careful with antibiotics like azithromycin. It is better to take them after having a meal to reduce the risk. [6]
